Tổng hợp ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh Lớp 11

Date: 8/9/2014
Period 1
TO-INFINITIVES / BARE INFINITIVES / GERUNDS
(Động từ nguyên mẫu có “to”, nguyên mẫu không “to”, danh động từ)
I. To-infinitive / Infinitive with to
* Động từ nguyên mẫu có to được dùng làm:
- Chủ ngữ của câu: To become a famous singer is her dream.
- Bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ: What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand.
- Tân ngữ của động từ It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.
- Tân ngữ của tính từ I’m pleased to see you.
* V + to-inf
- hope: hy vọng	 - offer: đề nghị 	- expect: mong đợi
- plan: lên kế họach	- refuse: từ chối	- want: muốn
- promise: hứa	- pretend: giả vờ	- fail: thất bại, hỏng
- attempt: cố gắng, nỗ lực	- tend: có khuynh hướng	- threaten: đe dọa
- intend: định	- seem: dường như	- decide: quyết định
- manage: xoay sở, cố gắng	- agree: đồng ý	- ask: yêu cầu
- afford: đáp ứng	- arrange: sắp xếp	- tell: bảo
- appear: hình như	- learn: học/ học cách	- invite: mời
- would like	- offer: cho, tặng, đề nghị
* Trong các cấu trúc:
 + It takes / took + O + thời gian + to-inf 
 + chỉ mục đích
 + bổ ngữ cho danh từ hoặc đại từ: S + V + Noun / pronoun + to-inf 
 I have some letters to write.
 Is there anything to eat?
 + It + be + adj + to-inf: thật để ..
Ex: It is interesting to study English
 + S + be + adj + to-inf
Ex: I’m happy to receive your latter.
 + S + V + too + adj / adv + to-inf
 + S + V + adj / adv + enough + to-inf
 + S + find / think / believe + it + adj + to-inf
Ex: I find it difficult to learn English vocabulary.
- Sau các từ nghi vấn: what, who, which, when, where, how, (nhưng thường không dùng sau why)
Ex: I don’t know what to say.
* Note:
- allow / permit/ advise / recommend + O + to-inf She allowed me to use her pen.
- allow / permit / advise / recommend + V-ing She didn’t allow smoking in her room
II. Bare infinitive / Infinitive without to
* V + O + bare inf 
let	- make	- had better	- would rather
 Note be + made + to-inf
help + V1 / to-inf
help + O + V1 / to-inf
help + O + with + N
Ex: My brother helped me do my homework.
 My brother helped me to do my homework.
 My brother helped me with my homework.
* Động từ chỉ giác quan 
- Các động từ chỉ tri giác: hear, sound, smell, taste, feel, watch, notice, see, listen, find .. + O + V1 (chỉ sự hoàn tất của hành động – nghe hoặc thấy toàn bộ sự việc diễn ra)
Ex: I saw her get off the bus.
- Các động từ chỉ tri giác: hear, sound, smell, taste, feel, watch, notice, see, listen, find .. + O + V-ing (chỉ sự việc đang diễn ra)
Ex: I smell something burning in the kitchen.
III. GERUND (V-ing)
* Danh động từ có thể được dùng làm:
- Chủ từ của câu: Swimming is my favourite sport.
- Bổ ngữ của động từ: My hobby is collecting stamps.
- Tân ngữ của động từ: I enjoy traveling. 
* V + V-ing 
	- mention: đề cập đến	- quit: từ bỏ	- risk: có nguy cơ
- fancy: thích	- deny: phủ nhận	- involve: liên quan
- detest: ghét	- encourage: khích lệ	- consider: xem xét
- imagine: tưởng tượng	- miss: bỏ lỡ	- It is no use: không có ích
- It is no good: không tốt	- postpone: hoãn lại	- suggest: đề nghị
- practice: luyện tập	- finish	- admit: thừa nhận
- avoid: tránh	- mind: ngại	- delay: hoãn	
- hate: ghét	 
waste / spend: lãng phí, bỏ ra (thời gian, tiền bạc)
have difficulty / trouble: gặp khó khăn/trở ngại
can’t help: không thể không 
can’t stand / can’t bear: không chịu đựng nỗi
feel like: cảm thấy thích
look forward to: mong chờ, mong đợi
It is (not) worth: đáng / không đáng
keep / keep on: tiếp tục
be busy	
be used to / get used to
* Sau các liên từ: after, before, when, while, since, 
Ex: After finishing his homework, he went to bed. 
* Sau các giới từ: on, in, at, with, about, from, to, without, .
Ex: My sister is interested in listening to pop music.
IV. INFINITIVE OR GERUND (To-inf / V-ing)
1. Không thay đổi nghĩa:
- begin / start / continue/ like / love + To-inf / V-ing
Ex: It started to rain / raining.
2. Thay đổi nghĩa:
+ remember / forget / regret + V-ing: nhớ / quên/ nuối tiếc việc đã xảy ra rồi (trong quá khứ)
+ remember / forget / regret + to-inf: nhớ / quên/ nuối tiếc việc chưa, sắp xảy ra (trong tương lai)
Ex: Don’t forget to turn off the light when you go to bed.
 I remember meeting you some where but I can’t know your name.
 Remember to send her some flowers because today is her birthday.
+ stop + V-ing: dừng hẳn việc gì
+ stop + to-inf: dừng .. để 
Ex: He stopped smoking because it is harmful for his health.
 On the way home, I stopped at the post office to buy a newspaper.
+ try + V-ing: thử
+ try + to-inf: cố gắng
+ need + V-ing = need + to be + V3: cần được (bị động)
+ need + to-inf: cần (chủ động)
Ex: I need to wash my car.
 My car is very dirty. It needs washing / to be washed.
 + Cấu trúc nhờ vả:
S + have + O người + V1 + O vật ...
S + have + O vật + V3/-ed + (by + O người) ...
S + get + O người + to-inf + O vật
S + get + O vật + V3/-ed + (by + O người)
Date: 10/9/2014
Period 2
TO-INFINITIVES / BARE INFINITIVES / GERUNDS
(Cont.)
­ Exercise: Choose the best answer:
Many young people are fond of -------------- football and other kinds of sports.
A. play	B. to play	C. playing	D. played
They couldn’t help -------------- when they heard the little boy singing a love song.
A. laughing	B. to laugh	C. laugh	D. laughed
Your house needs -------------- .
A. redecorated	B. redecorating	C. being redecorated	D. to redecorate
I remember -------------- them to play in my garden.
A. to allow	B. allow	C. allowing	D. allowed
It was a nasty memory. Do you remember both of us wearing sunglasses to avoid -------------- by the supervisors?
A. to recognize 	B. to be recognized	C. recognizing	D. being recognized
I can’t bear thinking back of that time. I’d rather -------------- equally.
A. treat	B. be treated	C. have treated	D. treating
Did you accuse Nam of -------------- a plate? Well, I saw him -------------- it off the table with his elbow.
A. break/ knock B. breaking/ knocking C. to break/ to knock D. breaking/ knock
We found it very difficult -------------- with Gamma.
A. to work	B. work	C. working	D. worked
I can’t read when I am traveling. It makes me -------------- sick.
A. feel	B. to feel	C. felt	D. feeling
I need -------------- what’s in the letter. Why don’t you let me -------------- it?
A. to know/ to read	B. know/ read	C. to know/ read D. knowing/ read
I suggest -------------- some more mathematical puzzles. 
A. do	B. to do	C. doing	D. done
We regret -------------- you that we cannot approve your suggestion.
A. inform	B. to inform	C. informing	D. informed
 The driver stopped -------------- a coffee because he felt sleepy.
A. have	B. to have	C. having	D. had
Have you ever considered -------------- a pharmacist?
A. become	B. becoming	C. to become	D. became
You had better -------------- at home until you feel better.	 
A. staying	B. stayed	C. to stay	D. stay
I remember -------------- my mother said the grass in the garden needed --------------.
A. to hear/cutting	 B. hear/cut C. heard/to cut D. hearing/ cutting
Peter sometimes help his sister --------------.
A. do homework 	B. to do homework 	C. with homework	D. all are correct
 I would rather -------------- at home than --------------out with you. 
A. staying/going 	B. to stay/ to go 	C. stay/go	D. stayed/went
I would rather you --------------.
A. drive	B. to drive	C. drove	D. driven
She didn’t say a word and left the room.
A. She left the room without saying a word	B. She leaving the room without saying a word	
C. She left the room saying a word	D. She left the room to say a word.
My father wanted me -------------- a pilot.	
A. become	B. to become	C. becoming	D. became
Please wait a minute. My boss is busy -------------- something.
A. write	B. writing	C. to write	D. to writing
My teacher doesn’t allow us -------------- while he is explaining the lesson.
A. talk	B. to talk	C. talking	D. talked
We have plenty of time. We needn’t -------------- 
A. hurry	B. to hurry	C. hurrying	D. hurried
I promised -------------- on time. I mustn’t -------------- late.
A. be/be	B. to be/to be	C. to be/ be	D. be/to be
Mary and I are looking forward -------------- you.
A. of seeing	B. for seeing	C. to seeing	D. to see
I’m sure that he knows -------------- this new machine.
A. to use	B. using	C. how using	D. how to use
Psychiatrists and doctors have failed -------------- people not to drink. 
A. to tell	B. telling	C. tell	D. told
The students are used to -------------- in the school library. 
A. working	B. work	C. to work 	D. worked
Our room needs -------------- up.	
A. tidied	B. to tide	C. tidy	D. tidying
Mercury’s low gravity makes you -------------- very light in a spaceship.
A. feel	B. feeling	C. to feel	D. felt
“ Was the test long?”. “ Yes, John was the only one -------------- it”
A. to finish	B. finishing	C. finished	D. finish
A lots of needs -------------- to the house before anyone can move in.
A. be done	B. doing	C. to do	D. done
It is about time you -------------- harder for the next exam.
A. worked	B. working	C. work	D. to work
If he really doesn’t feel like ------------ now, I suggested that he should go out for some fresh air.
A. work	B. to work	C. worked	D. working
Date: 15/9/2014
Period 3
TENSES (Thì)
1. Hiện tại đơn (Simple present) 
 S + V1/(s/es)
 S + don’t / doesn’t + V1
 Wh- + do / does + S + V1 ?
	- Dùng để chỉ các hành động thói quen, mang tính chất lặp đi lặp lại.
	Ex: She usually gets up at 6 A.m.
	- Dùng để chỉ các sự kiện và sự thật hiển nhiên, chân lý.
	Ex:Water freezes at 0 degree centigrade.
 - hành động trong tương lai được đưa vào chương trình, kế hoạch.
Ex: The new school year begins on September 5th. 
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:
	 every____ (every day, every week, every night, ..)
	 often, sometimes, usually, always, frequently, as a rule 
	 twice a week, once a week .
2. Hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present progressive)
 S + am / is / are + V-ing
 S + am / is are + not + V-ing
 Wh- + am / is / are + S + V-ing ?
	- Dùng để chỉ một hành động đang diễn ra trong lúc nói.
	Ex: Listen! The bird is singing.
	 I am studying now.
	- Một hành động dự kiến trong tương lai gần đã được sắp xếp xong.
	Ex: They are playing tennis next week.
	- Với chữ always đế diễn tả một hành động thường lặp lại thường xuyên, hay một lời phàn nàn 
	Ex: He is always taking exams. He is always studying. 
 - Hai hành động xảy ra song song ở hiện tại
Ex: She is cooking dinner while her husband is watching T.V now.
 - Hành dộng có tính chất tạm thời
Ex: I often go to work by bus but today I am going by motorbike.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:
	- Câu bắt đầu bằng một mệnh lệnh như: Listen!, Look!, Pay attention!, Keep silent! Be quiet!....
	hoặc các cụm từ: now, right now, at the moment, at the present, today, while, next (chỉ một dự định)
3. Hiện tại hoàn thành (Present perfect): 	
S + have / has + V3/-ed
S + haven’t / hasn’t + V3/-ed
Wh- + have / has + S + V3/-ed ? 
* Cách dùng:
	- Một hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng không có thời gian xác định.
	Ex: I haven’t met him before.
	- Một hành động vừa mới xảy ra, hay vừa mới hoàn tất.
	Ex: She has just gone out.
	- Một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại và có thể tiếp tục trong tương lai.
	Ex: My father has worked in this company for 10 years.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết: 	 
 never, ever, since, for, recently, lately, just, already, so far, up to now, up to the present, until now, before (trước đây), yet, (dùng trong câu phủ định và câu hỏi), many times, several times, how long, this is the first time / the second time, four times , five times 
4. Quá khứ đơn (Simple Past) 
S + V2/-ed
 S + didn’t + V1
 Wh- + did + S + V1 ?
* Cách dùng:
	- Một hành động đã xảy ra và đã hoàn tất ở thời gian xác định trong quá khứ.
	Ex: We bought this car two years ago.
	- Một thói quen trong quá khứ.
	Ex: When I was young, I often went swimming with my friends in this river.	
 - Một chuỗi hành động trong quá khứ
Ex: I entered the room, turned on the light, went to the kitchen and had dinner.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết:
 	yesterday ________ ( yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon, .)
	last _______ ( last year, last night, last week, last month .)
	_______ ago ( two years ago, many months ago, ten minutes ago .)
	 in + year in the past ( một năm nào đó trong quá khứ: in 1999, in 2001 )
5. Quá khứ tiếp diễn (Past continuous): 	 
S + was / were + V-ing
 S + was / were + not + V-ing
 Wh- + was / were + S + V-ing ?
* Cách dùng:
	- Một hành động đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
	Ex: What were you doing at 7 pm yesterday?
	- Một hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì một hành động khác xảy ra cắt ngang.
	Ex: Mai was watching TV when I came home.
	When they were having dinner, she entered their room.
	- Hai hành động xảy ra song song trong quá khứ.
	Ex:While her mother was cooking dinner, her father was reading books.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết: 
	At + giờ + thời gian trong quá khứ
	At this/ that time + thời gian trong quá khứ
	Khi hai mệnh đề nối với nhau bằng chữ when hoặc while 
 Hai hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ: hành động ngắn dùng quá khứ đơn; hành động dài dùng quá khứ tiếp diễn.
6. Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past perfect) 
S + had + V3/-ed
S + hadn’t + V3/-ed
Wh- + had + S + V3/-ed ? 
* Cách dùng:
	- Một hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ.
	Ex: He had left the house before she came.
	- Một hành động xảy ra trước một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
	Ex: We had had lunch by two o’clock yesterday.
	By the age of 25, he had written two famous novels.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết: before, after, when, by the time, as soon as, as ., by + thời gian trong quá khứ
7. Tương lai đơn (Simple future): 	
S + will / shall + V1
S + won’t / shan’t + V1
Wh- + will + S + V1 ? 
* Cách dùng:
	- Một hành động có thể, hay có lẽ xảy ra trong tương lai.
	Ex: - They will come here next week.
	 - The football match will be over at 7 o’clock.
	- Một lời đề nghị hay một yêu cầu (ở thể nghi vấn)
	Ex: Will you go to the cinema with me?
 - Một quyết định đưa ra vào thời điểm nói
Ex: The bag is very heavy. – I’ll help you.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết: 
	next ( next week, next month, ..), someday, tomorrow, soon, in + năm trong tương lai at + thời giờ trong tương lai
* Chú ý: Để diễn tả một hành động có dụ định hay một dự đoán trong tương lai, ta có thể dùng BE GOING TO + V1: 
 S + am / is / are + going to + V1
	Ex: 	- Where are you going to spend your summer holiday?
	- Look at those clouds! It is going to rain.
8. Tương lai hoàn thành (Future perfect): 	
S + will have + V3/-ed
S + won’t have + V3/-ed
Wh- + will + S + have + V3/-ed ? 
* Cách dùng: 
- Một hành động sẽ hoàn tất trước một thời điểm ở tương lai hay một hành động khác ở tương lai.
	Ex: By lunch time, I will have typed five letters.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết: 
 by + mốc thời gian, by the time, by then
Date: 17/9/2014
Period 4
TENSES (Cont.)
­ Exercise: Choose the best answer:
I -------------- this film twice. 
 A. see	B. saw	C. will see	D. have seen
After -------------- her performance, she invited the audience to ask questions. 
A. she finishes	B. finished	C. finishing D. she will finish
His father -------------- of cancer last year. 
 A. will die	B. has died	C. died D. had died
The train -------------- when we got to the station. 
A. just left 	B. just leaves	C. has just left D. had just left
As soon as Martina saw the fire, she -------------- the fire department.
A. was telephoning 	B. telephoned 	C. had telephoned D. has telephoned
Before Jennifer won the lottery, she -------------- any kind of contest.
A. hasn’t entered 	B. doesn’t enter 	C. wasn’t entering D. hadn’t entered
Every time Parkas sees a movie made in India, he -------------- homesick.
A. will have left 	B. felt 	C. feels D. is feeling
Since I left Venezuela six years ago, I -------------- to visit friends and family several times.
A. return B. will have returned C. am returning D. have returned
Yesterday while I was attending a sales meeting, Mathew -------------- on the company annual report.
A. was working 	B. had been working 	C. has worked D. works
When my parents -------------- for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time.
A. will arrive 	B. arrived 	C. arrive D. will have arrived
The last time I -------------- in Athens, the weather was hot and humid.
A. had been 	B. was 	C. am D. will have been
After the race --------------, the celebration began
A. had been won 	B. is won 	C. will be won D. has been won
Andy -------------- out of the restaurant when he -------------- Jenny
A. came/saw B. is coming /saw C. came/was seeing D. was coming/had seen
While he was washing his car, Mr. Brown -------------- a small dint in the rear fender.
A. has discovered 	B. was discovering 	C. is discovering D. discovered
Linda has lost her passport again. It’s the second time this --------------.
A. has happened 	B. happens 	C. happened D. had happened
At this time tomorrow, we -------------- our final exam. 
A. will have taking	B. will be taken	C. would take D. will be taking
The baby --------------. Don’t make so much noise. 	
A. sleep 	B. sleeps	C. is sleeping D. slept
Peter said he -------------- a test the following day. 
A. had had	B. will have	C. has had D. would have
It is not so hot today as it -------------- yesterday. 
A. is 	B. was	C. would be D. had been
-------------- a party next Saturday. We have sent out the invitation. 
A. we had 	B. we have 	C. we’ll have D. we have had
I’m very tired -------------- over four hundred miles to day.
A. I drive 	B. I’ve driven 	C. I’m driving D. I’ve been driving
I’m busy at the moment . -------------- on the computer.
A. I work 	B. I’m worked 	C. I’m working D. I worked
Our friends -------------- meet us at the airport tonight. 
A. are 	B. are going to 	C. go to D. will be to
I will tell Anna all the news when -------------- her
A. I’ll see 	B. I’m going to see 	C. I see D. I’m seeing
Don’t worry, I -------------- here to help you
A. be 	B. will be 	C. am going to be D. won’t be
When I entered the room, everyone --------------.
A. has been dancing 	B. was dancing 	C. had danced 	D. danced
Before the invention of the steamboat there -------------- no way to cross the ocean.
A. has been 	B. could have been 	C. had been 	D. would be
He said that he -------------- his homework since 7 o’clock.
A. had done	B. did	C. has done	D. was doing
Tom said everything -------------- ready when the match --------------. 
A. will be/starts B. would be/started C. is/started D. will be/started
How long -------------- able to drive? - Since 1990.
A. could you 	B. have you been 	C. were you 	D. are you
She won't get married until she -------------- 25 years old.
A. is 	B. will be 	C. had been 	D. was.
Look. The yard is wet. It -------------- last night.
A. must rain B. couldn’t have rained C. must have rained D. should have rained
After Mary -------------- her degree, she intends to work in her father's company.
A. will finish	B. is finishing	C. finishes D. will have finished
When he -------------- all the letters, he took them to the post office.
A. has written	B. had written	C. wrote D. had been writing
By the end of this month, I -------------- English for 6 years. 
A. have learnt	B. will have learnt	C. had learnt	D. learnt
We -------------- in touch with each other for years. 
A. will not keep	B. are not keeping	C. did not keep	D. have not kept
She has learnt French -------------- the age of five. 
A. since	B. for	C. before	D. in
Tom -------------- before we arrived there. 	
A. has left	B. had left	C. will leave	D. leaves
Up to now, I -------------- a lot of information about her. 
A. learnt	B. have learnt	C. will learn	D. would learn
Wait here until I -------------- you. 	
A. am going to call	B. will call	C. am calling	D. call
When I came to visit her, she -------------- a bath. 	
A. was having 	B. has	C. is having	D. had
Date: 23/9/2014
Period 5
REPORTED SPEECH 
(Câu tường thuật)
Câu gián tiếp là câu dùng để thuật lại nội dung của lời nói trực tiếp.
Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì hiện tại thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta chỉ đổi ngôi; không đổi thì của động từ và trạng từ.
Ex: She says: “I am a teacher.”
 She says that she is a teacher.
Ex: “I am writing a letter now” Tom says.
 Tom says that he is writing a letter now.
Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì quá khứ thì khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta đổi ngôi, thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn.
I. Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu)
1. Ngôi thứ nhất: dựa vào chủ từ của mệnh đề tường thuật; thường đổi sang ngôi thứ ba
I → He / She me → him / her my → his / her
We → They us → them our → their
Ex: He said: “I learned English.”
 He said that ---------------------------------- English.
Ex: She said to me, “My mother gives me a present.”
 She told me that -------------------------------------------------
 2. Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your)
- Xét ý nghĩa của câu và đổi cho phù hợp, thường đổi dựa vào túc từ của mệnh đề tường thuật
Ex: Mary said: “You are late again.”
 Mary said that you were late again.
Ex: “I will meet you at the airport”, he said to me.
 He told me that --------------------------------------------------------------
 3. Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): giữ nguyên, không đổi
II. Thay đổi về thì trong câu:
DIRECT
INDIRECT
Simple present - V1 /Vs(es)
Present progressive – am / is / are + V-ing
Present perfect – have / has + P.P	
Present perfect progressive – have / has been +V-ing
Simple past – V2 / -ed
Past progressive – was / were + V-ing
Simple future – will + V1
Future progressive will be + V-ing
Simple past – V2 / V-ed
Past progressive – was / were + V-ing
Past perfect – had + P.P
Past perfect progressive - had been + V-ing
Past perfect – had + P.P
Past perfect progressive – had been +V-ing
Future in the past - would + V1
Future progressive in the past - would be + V-ing
III. Thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:
DIRECT
INDIRECT
Now
Here
This
These
Today
Yesterday
Last year
Tonight
Tomorrow
Next month
Ago
Then
There
That
Those
That day
The day before / the previous day
The year before / the previous year
That night
The following day / the next day
The following month / the next month
Before
CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
1. COMMANDS / REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh, câu đề nghị)
 - Mệnh lệnh khẳng định:
 Direct: S + V + O: “V1 + O ”
 Indirect: S + asked / told + O + to + V1 + .
Ex: He said to her: “Keep silent, please.” → He told her ------------------------------------
 “Wash your hands before having dinner, Lan.” The mother said.
 → The mother told Lan ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 - Mệnh lệnh phủ định:
Direct: S + V + O: “Don’t + V1 + ”
Indirect: S + asked / told + O + not + to+ V1 .
Ex: “Don’t forget to phone me this afternoon,” he said.
 → He reminded me --------------------------------------- ---------------
 The teacher said to the students: “Don’t talk in the class.”
 → The teacher -------------------------------------------------------------------
 Tùy theo ngữ cảnh trong lời nói động từ tường thuật said hoặc said to có thể đổi thành told, asked, advised, persuaded, directed, begged, encouraged, 
Ex: The doctor said to his patient: “Do exercise regularly.”
 → The doctor ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. STATEMENT (Câu trần thuật)
Direct: S + V + (O) : “clause”
Indirect: S + told / said + (O) + (that) + clause
 Note: said to → told
Ex: Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.” 
 → Tom said (that) ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 She said to me, “I am going to Dalat next summer.”
 → She told me (that) -------------------------------------------------------------------
3. QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi)
Yes – No question
Direct: S + V + (O) : “Aux. V + S + V1 + O .?”
Indirect: S + asked + O + if / whether + S + V + O .
Ex: He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?” → He asked Mary --------------------------------
 “Did you go out last night, Tan?” I asked → I asked Tan -------------------------------------------------
Wh – question
 Direct: S + V + (O): “Wh- + Aux. V + S + V1 + O ?”
 Indirect: S + asked + O + Wh- + S + V + O.
Ex: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked me.
 → He asked me -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 “Where did you go last night, Tom?” the mother asked.
 → The mother asked Tom ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. DANH ĐỘNG TỪ (V-ING) TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
Khi lời nói trực tiếp là lời đề nghị , chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi, động từ tường thuật cùng với danh động từ (V-ing) theo sau nó thường được dùng để chuyển tải nội dung lời nói trên.
Reporting Verb + V-ing + .
Deny (phủ nhận), admit (thừa nhận), suggest (đề nghị), regret (nuối tiếc), appreciate (đánh giá cao, cảm kích)
Ex: Peter said: “I didn’t steal the painting.” → Peter denied stealing the painting.
 “Why don’t we go out for a walk?” said the boy. → The boy suggested going out for a walk.
Reporting Verb + (Someone) + Preposition + V-ing + .
thank someone for (cám ơn ai về .)
accuse someone of (buộc tội ai về )
congratulate someone on (chúc mừng ai về .)
warn someone against (cảnh báo ai về .)
dream of (mơ về )
object to (chống đối về .)
apologize someone for (xin lỗi ai về )
insist on (khăng khăng dòi )
complain about (phàn nàn về .)
Ex: “I’m happy to know that you win the game. Congratulations!”, Jim said to Mary.
 → Jim --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 I said to the boy: “Don’t play ball near the restricted area.”
 → I -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Daisy said: “I want to be a famous singer in the world.” 
 → Daisy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: 
1. Why don’t you / Why not / How about → suggested + (someone) + V-ing 
Ex: “Why don’t you send her some flowers?” he said.
 → He suggested me sending her some flowers.
2. Let’s → suggested + V-ing 
 Let’s not → suggested + not + V-ing 
Ex: “Let’s meet outside the cinema,” he said. 
 → He suggested meeting outside the cinema.
 She said: “Let’s not talk about that problem again.” 
 → She suggested not talking about that problem again.
3. Shall we / It’s a good idea → suggested + V-ing 
Ex: “It’s a good idea to go for a picnic this weekend,” she said.
 → She suggested going for a picnic that weekend.
5. ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU (TO-INFINITIVE) TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
Khi lời nói gián tiếp là một lời đề nghị, mệnh lệnh, ý định, lời hứa, lời yêu cầu, động từ tường thuật cùng với động từ nguyên mẫu theo sau nó thường được dùng để chuyển tải nội dung lời nói này.
a. Reporting Verb + To-inf 
- agree	demand (đòi hỏi)	guarantee (bảo đảm)
- hope	promise	swear (thề)
- threaten (đe dọa)	volunteer 	offer (đưa ra đề nghị)
- refuse	consent (bằng lòng)	decide
 Ex: “I will give you my book if you need it,” said my friend.
 → My friend offered to give me her book if I needed it.
b. Reporting Verb + Object + To-inf 
- ask	advise	command (ra lệnh)
- expect	instruct (hướng dẫn)	invite
- order (ra lệnh)	persuade (thuyết phục)	recommend (khuyên)
- remind (nhắc nhở)	encourage (cổ vũ)	tell
- urge (thúc giục)	warn (cảnh báo)	want
Ex: “Don’t forget to lock the door,” I said to my sister.
 → I reminded my sister to lock the door.
 Ann said: “Come to my place whenever you are free.”
 → Ann invited me to come to her place whenever I was free.
Note: 
1. Lời đề nghị: Would you / could you / Will you / Can you → asked + someone + to-inf
 Would you mind / Do you mind + V-ing → asked + someone + to-inf
Ex: “Can you read the instructions again?” she said.
 → She asked me to read the instructions again.
 He said: “Would you mind opening the door, please?”
 → He asked me to open the door. 
2. Lời mời: Would you like / Will you → invited someone + to-inf
Ex: “Will you have lunch with me?” he said.
 → He invited me to have lunch with him.
3. Lời khuyên: Had better / If I were you / Why don’t you → advised someone + to-inf
Ex: “If I were you, I would phone her,” he said.
 → He advised me to phone her.
6. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
Nếu trong lời nói trực tiếp có câu điều kiện thì chỉ có câu điều kiện loại 1 là thay đổi về thì, câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3 vẫn giữ nguyên hình thức động từ của chúng.
Ex: “If I have time, I will visit her,” he said.
 → He said that if he had time he would visit her.
 She said: “If I had enough money, I would buy a car.”
 → She said that if she had enough money she would buy a car.
 He said to me : “If I had met you, I would have told you the truth.”
 → He told me that if he had met me he would have told me the truth.
Date: 26/9/2014
Period 6
REPORTED SPEECH 
(Cont.)
­ Exercise: Choose the best answer:
He asked them --------------.
A. help him	B. should help him	C. to help him D. help to him
She said that she -------------- there the year before.
A. went	B. had gone	C. would go	D. goes
Peter asked Jane why -------------- the film on T.V the previous night.
A. didn’t she watch	B. hadn’t she watched 	
 C. she doesn’t watch 	D. she hadn’t watched
They said they -------------- us if we needed.
A. help	B. helped	C. would help D. had helped
He advised them -------------- in class.
A. to not talk	B. not to talk	C. to talk not D. don’t talk
She said to us “Don’t be late again”.
A. She said us not to be late again.	B. She